Wi-Fi 6 Protocol and Network

Susinder R. Gulasekaran
Sundar G. Sankaran

Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 IEEE Standardization Process 2
1.2 Wi-Fi Alliance 3
1.3 Spectrum 5
1.4 Outline of Chapters 5
Chapter 2 Wi-Fi 1 to 5 Overview 7
2.1 MAC Layer Overview 8
2.1.1 Network Architecture 8
2.1.2 MAC Frame Format and Types 10
2.1.3 Medium Access Rules 12
2.1.4 AP Discovery Process 18
2.1.5 Connection Establishment and Termination 19
2.1.6 Off-Channel Scanning 20
2.1.7 Quality of Service 21
2.1.8 Fragmentation and Aggregation 23
2.1.9 STA Power Save Methods 26
2.1.10 Multicast Traffic 32
2.1.11 STA Roaming 32
2.1.12 AP Channel Switching 34
2.2 PHY Layer Overview 34
2.2.1 Wi-Fi Generation 1 (802.11b) 35
2.2.2 Wi-Fi Generation 2 (802.11a) 37
2.2.3 Wi-Fi Generation 3 (802.11g) 39
2.2.4 Wi-Fi Generation 4 (802.11n) 39
2.2.5 Wi-Fi Generation 5 (802.11ac) 44
2.3 References 49
Chapter 3 Wi-Fi 6 51
3.1 HE PPDU Formats 52
3.1.1 Long OFDM Symbol 53
3.1.2 GI and HE LTF 54
3.2 Single User Operation 54
3.3 Multiuser Operation 60
3.4 Target Wake Time 75
3.5 BSS Coloring 79
3.6 Spatial Reuse 8
3.7 Enhanced Multi-BSSID Advertisement 86
3.8 Preamble puncturing 88
3.9 Operating Mode Indication 89
3.10 HE Capability Advertisement 90
3.11 When to do SU, MU-MIMO and MU-OFDMA 90
3.11.1 Examples 93
3.12 References 101
Chapter 4 Wi-Fi Security 103
4.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 104
4.1.1 WEP Authentication 104
4.1.2 WEP Encryption 104
4.1.3 WEP Vulnerabilities 105
4.2 Wi-Fi Protected Access 106
4.2.1 WPA Personal 106
4.2.2 WPA Enterprise 108
4.2.3 WPA Encryption 109
4.2.4 Message Integrity Check 109
4.3 WPA2 110
4.3.1 WPA2 Authentication 110
4.3.2 WPA2 Encryption 110
4.3.3 Message Integrity Check 111
4.3.4 PMK Caching 111
4.3.5 Opportunistic Key Caching 112
4.3.6 Fast BSS Transition 112
4.3.7 Protected Management Frames 112
4.3.8 Wi-Fi Protected Setup 113
4.4 Key Reinstallation Attack 114
4.5 WPA3 114
4.6 Multichannel Man-in-the-Middle 119
4.7 Fragmentation and Aggregation Attacks 121
4.8 Rogue AP Detection 122
4.9 Summary 123
4.10 References 124
Chapter 5 Wi-Fi Implementation 127
5.1 Hardware 127
5.2 Software 138
5.3 Regulatory Requirements 146
5.4 Wi-Fi Certifications 152
5.5 References 155
Chapter 6 Wi-Fi 6E 157
6.1 6-GHz Channelization 158
6.2 AP Discovery 158
6.3 EMA support in 6 GHz 161
6.4 Security Modes in 6 GHz 162
6.5 Beacon Advertisement and PHY Rates in 6 GHz 162
6.6 On Channel Tunneling 163
6.7 Fast Initial Link Setup 164
6.7.1 FILS and Fast BSS Transition 166
6.8 6-GHz Regulatory Requirements 167
6.8.1 FCC 167
6.8.2 ETSI 170
6.9 Wi-Fi 6E Certification 170
6.10 Wi-Fi 6E Implementation Challenges 170
6.11 160-MHz Multiple AP Deployment in 6 GHz 171
6.12 References 173
Chapter 7 Wi-Fi Deployment 175
7.1 Residential Wi-Fi Deployment 175
7.1.1 Mesh 176
7.1.2 AP Placement 177
7.1.3 Channel Bandwidth Selection 177
7.2 Enterprise Indoor Wi-Fi Deployment 178
7.3 Outdoor Wi-Fi Deployment 191
7.4 Post Deployment Site Survey 192
7.5 References 193
Chapter 8 5G Overview and Wi-Fi Comparison 195
8.1 Evolution of Cellular Technologies (1G-4G) 197
8.2 Fifth Generation Cellular Technology 199
8.3 Comparison with Wi-Fi 203
8.4 Summary 206
8.5 References 207
Chapter 9 Conclusion 209

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